The Volkswagen (VW) short squeeze is a famous financial event that occurred in October 2008. A "short squeeze" happens when the price of a heavily shorted stock rises sharply, forcing short sellers to buy shares to cover their positions, which drives the price even higher.
What Happened in the Volkswagen Short Squeeze?
1. Background:
Many investors believed Volkswagen's stock price was overvalued and bet against it by short selling.
At the time, Porsche, a major shareholder, was quietly increasing its stake in VW.
2. Porsche Announcement:
On October 26, 2008, Porsche revealed that it controlled 74% of Volkswagen's shares through direct holdings and options.
This left very few VW shares (around 6%) freely available for trading (free float).
3. Panic Among Short Sellers:
Short sellers, who had borrowed and sold VW shares hoping to buy them back at a lower price, realized there weren't enough shares in the market to cover their positions.
This led to a buying frenzy, driving the price of VW shares up dramatically.
4. Stock Price Surge:
On October 28, VW briefly became the most valuable company in the world, with its share price skyrocketing from around €200 to over €1,000.
5. Outcome:
Short sellers suffered massive losses.
Some hedge funds lost billions, while Porsche profited significantly from the event.
Example to Illustrate:
Imagine:
A stock has 100 shares in total, and investors short sell 50 shares (50% of the total).
A major shareholder (like Porsche) secretly acquires 70 shares.
Now, only 30 shares are available in the market.
Short sellers need to buy 50 shares to close their positions, but only 30 are available.
As they scramble to buy, the demand pushes the stock price higher, causing more losses for short sellers and further fueling the squeeze.
The VW short squeeze highlights how limited supply and unexpected news can create extreme volatility in financial markets.