After the Qing court signed the "Burlingame Treaty" with America, citizens of both countries could freely travel to each other's lands and enjoy the most-favored-nation treatment.
Most immigration companies transported Chinese to America by recruiting labor, but the West Coast had already begun anti-Chinese movements, forcing the Chinese to move to the East Coast.
The East Coast, due to a high degree of capital freedom and continuous infrastructure projects, urgently needed a large labor force to drive urban development.
Only the lower-class Whites advocated for White supremacy, while the upper and middle-class Whites focused on their own interests, wishing to replace all their White employees with the more obedient Chinese.
The massive demand for labor accelerated the development of Eastern human smugglers, who continually exploited immigration costs to lower their quotations and secure orders.
